Across the region, facilities tied to water and power—including desalination plants—have been damaged or exposed to risk as Iranian strikes extend beyond traditional targets.
A single strike, however, is unlikely to shut off the gulf’s water supply. The system is designed to absorb isolated disruption, but sustained or multisite attacks would begin to strain supply far more quickly.
“In the Gulf, desalination is built with enough breathing room that losing one plant doesn’t immediately show up at the tap,” says Rabee Rustum, professor of water and environmental engineering at Heriot-Watt University Dubai.
In Kuwait, Iranian drone attacks have damaged two power and desalination facilities and ignited fires at two oil sites. Other sites, including Fujairah in the UAE, have been identified as potentially exposed.
“Striking desalination plants would be a strategic move, but it would also come very close to, and in some cases cross, a red line,” says Andreas Krieg, senior lecturer at the School of Security Studies at King’s College London.
Water infrastructure, Krieg explains, occupies a distinct category. “Water infrastructure is not just another utility. In places that depend on desalination, it underpins civilian survival, public health, hospital function, sanitation, and basic state legitimacy.”
Krieg notes that international humanitarian law gives special protection to civilian objects and to objects indispensable to the survival of the civilian population. “Which is precisely why attacks on water systems carry such grave legal and moral weight,” Krieg adds.
The incidents highlight a structural reality: Desalination is central to water supply in the gulf, and disruption carries immediate implications for daily life.
How the System Absorbs Disruption
At first glance, desalination appears vulnerable. Shut down a plant, and supply is reduced. In practice, the system is designed with layers of redundancy.
Plants operate across multiple locations, allowing output to be redistributed if one facility slows down. Water is also stored at different points across the network, including central reservoirs and building-level tanks, creating a buffer that delays disruption.
According to a statement to WIRED Middle East by Veolia, an environmental services provider whose technologies account for nearly 19 percent of desalination capacity in the region, “the region’s water supply is diversified thanks to a network of numerous facilities distributed along the coastline.”
The company adds that distribution systems are interconnected, allowing plants to “support and substitute for one another when necessary,” helping maintain continuity of service.
In the UAE, storage capacity typically covers around one week, while in other parts of the region it may be limited to two to three days, Veolia says.
In practice, this means the system can absorb disruption for a limited period. Once reserves are depleted, water supply depends on whether plants can continue producing enough water to meet demand.
The System That Produces Water
Unlike most regions, the Gulf does not rely on rivers or rainfall. It depends on a network of desalination plants along its coastline that convert seawater into potable water on a continuous basis.
Seawater is drawn into treatment facilities, filtered and processed either through reverse osmosis—forcing it through membranes to remove salt and impurities—or through thermal methods that evaporate and condense water. The resulting supply is distributed through pipelines, stored in reservoirs, and delivered to homes, hospitals, and industry.
This is not a flexible system. It is designed to operate continuously, producing water at a scale that sustains cities, industrial activity, and essential services. Gulf states produce roughly 40 percent of the world’s desalinated water, operating more than 400 plants across the region.
Dependence varies by country but is high everywhere. In the UAE, desalination accounts for 41 to 42 percent of total water supply, while in Kuwait, it provides around 90 percent of drinking water, and in Saudi Arabia, approximately 70 percent.
When Disruption Becomes Visible
For residents, disruption would not be felt immediately—water would continue to flow.
Rustum explains that buildings are supported by internal storage and pumping systems, meaning early changes in supply may not be apparent. In many cases, water pressure remains stable, even as the wider system adjusts.
That buffer allows cities to absorb short-term disruption, with multiple plants, storage reserves, and monitoring systems working to maintain continuity.
More significant impacts would only begin to emerge if several parts of the system were affected at once. In those scenarios, the system’s ability to compensate becomes more limited. Sustained disruption would pose a broader challenge, given that water supply underpins hospital sterilization systems, sanitation networks, cooling infrastructure, and industrial operations.
Over time, therefore, the implications will extend beyond households and impact essential services and economic activity as well.
Where the Limits Begin
Rustum says the system’s resilience depends on disruption remaining contained. “Cities depend on steady desalination output, but they’re not running without a headrest,” he says, pointing to strategic reserves, aquifer recharge, and the distribution of production across multiple plants.
That buffer helps absorb short-term shocks, but it does not remove the system’s reliance on continuous operation.
“The delicate spots are the seawater intake, the power feeding the plant, and the distribution network,” he adds. “Each one has layers of monitoring and backup.”
If disruption persists or affects multiple parts of the system simultaneously, the ability to compensate becomes more limited. In those scenarios, supply would increasingly depend on plants continuing to operate and on the wider network maintaining output.
Rustum notes that even when intake is affected—for example by contamination—plants can slow or pause operations while the wider system compensates. But that depends on disruption being local and short-lived.
As Krieg puts it, modern conflict increasingly places pressure not only on military targets but on the systems that sustain civilian life. The effects are not always immediate—but once they begin, they move quickly through homes, hospitals, and the structures that support everyday life.
In the gulf, where water is produced rather than naturally sourced, that makes desalination not just infrastructure, but a point of vulnerability that is difficult to replace and even harder to ignore.
This story originally appeared on WIRED Middle East.
