It’s been almost 100 years since the city of Manhattan Beach, an ocean-side community outside of Los Angeles, seized Bruce’s Beach from the Black couple who owned it. Historical documents proved the act was perpetuated by racism, and last year the city returned the property to the couple’s descendants. Recently, the family decided to sell the property back to Los Angeles County. Here’s everything you need to know about Bruce’s Beach:

What is the history of Bruce’s Beach?

In 1912 and 1920, Willa Bruce bought land along the shore in the city of Manhattan Beach. Shortly after purchasing the lots, Willa and her husband Charles Bruce built a successful resort called Bruce’s Lodge to accommodate Black families looking to enjoy seaside fun despite the looming shadows of Jim Crow laws and persistent racist harassment. More Black families began buying property nearby and the beach, which came to be colloquially known as Bruce’s Beach, continued to thrive. 

Unfortunately, local white landowners began to feel threatened by the community, suggesting that the growing Black population would affect the property value of Manhattan Beach. According to an April 2021 report prepared by a task force for the city, historical documents show that the “white neighbors resented the resort’s growing popularity and prosperity of its African American owners.” Within a week of building the resort, white landowners of “adjoining property” began harassing the Black guests that frequented the beach. Despite the racist harassment, the Bruce family remained undeterred.

“Wherever we have tried to buy land for a beach resort we have been refused,” Willa told the Los Angeles Times in 1912 per the task force report, “but I own this land and I am going to keep it.”

Ultimately, the local government stepped in to facilitate the end of the thriving seaside community. According to the bill that led to the property’s eventual return, in 1924, the Manhattan Beach board of trustees voted to condemn Bruce’s Beach and took control of it through eminent domain. The city officials offered the couple $14,500 and claimed they needed the land for a public park. The Bruces tried to challenge the city legally but ultimately lost the battle. In 1927, the family moved out of Bruce’s Beach, and the city demolished the buildings two years later. The bill also notes that the city council voted to block any new resorts from opening to prevent the Bruces from relocating their business. 

The city never followed up on plans to build the park they claimed to need, and the land remained undeveloped for over three decades before eventually being transferred to Los Angeles County. The lots now host a lifeguard training center.

How did the Bruces’ descendants regain custody of the property?

Almost a century later, the descendants of Willa and Charles Bruce were still fighting for restitution for an act that haunted their family’s legacy. “It’s been a scar on the family, financially and emotionally,” said Duane Yellow Feather Shepard, a relative and advocate for the Bruces, told The New York Times in 2021.”What we want is restoration of our land to us,” he said, “and restitution for the loss of revenues.”

The family caught the attention of L.A. County officials after years of demanding justice for Bruce’s Beach. Since the city could not provide monetary restitution with public funds, officials began considering how to restore the property to the original owner’s descendants. However, because seizing the property resulted from government bureaucracy, turning the land over to the family was not simple. State law required that the county use Bruce’s Beach for public recreation, and prevented it from transferring or selling the property.

What followed was a year-long process that included the creation of the aforementioned task force and the bill that would eliminate the restriction for Bruce’s Beach. In September 2021, California Gov. Gavin Newsom (D) signed the bill, allowing the beach to be transferred back to the descendants. “I want to apologize to the Bruce family for the injustice that was done to them,” Newsom said at the time, as reported by NBC Los Angeles. “We haven’t always had a proud past.”

 A year later, the county returned the deed to the property to the couple’s closest living heirs, their great-grandsons Derrick and Marcus Bruce. The process for returning the beach included a provision for L.A. County to lease the land from the family for $413,000 a year and an option to sell the property to the county for as much as $20 million.

After all that, why are the Bruces choosing to sell the beach back to the city?

On Jan. 3, Janice Hahn, the Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors chair, announced that the Bruces’ great-grandsons decided to sell the property to the county for almost $20 million.

“I fought to return Bruce’s Beach because I wanted to right this wrong. This fight has always been about what is best for the family, and they feel what is best for them is selling this property and finally rebuilding the generational wealth they were denied for nearly a century,” Hahn said on Twitter. “This is what reparations look like and it is a model that I hope governments across the country will follow.”

Liz Odendahl,  a spokeswoman for Hahn’s office, said the family notified the city of the sale on Dec. 30, and officials will likely finish the escrow process in 30 days, The New York Times reports.

Shepard said in a telephone interview with the Times that the Bruces are “very satisfied” with the sale price and wanted to sell the property because it is zoned for public use only. “They had no choice but to sell it and take whatever they could get out of it, and use it to invest in some other way to develop their family wealth that they’ve lost,” said Shepard, a clan chief of the Pocasset Wampanoag Tribe of the Pokanoket Nation.

Not everyone was so thrilled. Kavon Ward, who founded a group called Justice for Bruce’s Beach in June 2020 to support the family’s fights for restitution, said in a statement that she did not believe the Bruce family’s decision to sell the land would bring the family peace.

Ward, who is also a founder of Where Is My Land, a non-profit that seeks to help Black families reclaim stolen land, said, “While I am disappointed the Bruces have chosen to sell the land, I understand their decision as the city of Manhattan Beach is anti-Black.”