Since its invention in 1974, the Rubik’s cube has taken the world and its hobbyists by storm. But the brightly-colored block puzzle has also fostered some fierce competition, as global puzzle fanatics put their algorithmic understanding and finger dexterity to the ultimate test. Welcome to the world of speedcubing — here’s everything you need to know:

First and foremost — where did the Rubik’s Cube come from?

The Rubik’s Cube was first invented by Hungarian architecture professor Ernő Rubik to model 3D movement for his students. The original version, called the “magic cube,” was made of wood and paper and held together with rubber bands, glue, and paper clips.

Now, the puzzle is one of the most iconic toys in human history, with over 350 million sold as of 2018. Though the cube looks approachable, it’s deceptively difficult to solve — there are over 43 quintillion ways of scrambling it. Even Rubik himself took a month to solve the puzzle for the first time, noting that he felt “a great sense of accomplishment and utter relief” once he did.

The solution process is also incredibly algorithmic, to the point where Pulitzer-Prize-winning scientist Douglas Hofstadter has called the cube “one of the most amazing things ever invented for teaching mathematical ideas.”

What is speedcubing and how did it start?

Eventually, the Rubik’s cube sparked a worldwide phenomenon known as speedcubing, in which individuals compete to solve the cube as fast as possible. The challenge has since moved past the classic 3x3x3 cube and evolved in ways that have pushed the boundaries of what is mathematically and physically possible.

The first official speedcubing world championship took place on June 5, 1982, in Budapest, Hungary, where American Minh Thai won with a solve time of 22.95 seconds. His is regarded as the first official world record relating to the Rubik’s Cube. 

Shortly after, however, speedcubing in a competitive sense took a hiatus. Even The New York Times deemed the cube a “fad” that had “become passe.” But the movement picked up again in the 1990s with the advent of the internet, where online speedcubing groups and games were launched. 

The Yahoo! Speedsolving Rubik’s Cube Group — where people discussed tactics and compared times —  then started in 2000, with speedcubing.com, which unofficially tracked major cubing news and time records, arriving shortly thereafter. In 2004, the World Cube Association (WCA) was formed and competitions were held more regularly. 

What is the World Cube Association?

The WCA is the governing body for cubing competitions, which includes those related to the Rubik’s Cube as well as other twist-to-solve puzzles. The WCA hosts over 1,000 speedcubing competitions annually and a world championship every two years.

The body standardized competitive speedcubing by releasing rules and regulations, centralizing records and information, and setting up a system for people to host valid competitions for speedcubing. Over 140,000 cubers from 143 countries are officially registered with the WCA.

What do cubing competitions look like?

The first official WCA speedcubing competition was held in Kyoto, Japan, in 2005. But what does a competition look like?

A speedcubing competition can have between one and 18 events and tends to have multiple rounds for each event. Competitors are split into groups and set up with a so-called stackmat timer, which is used to time attempts and keep the cube from sliding once the attempt is complete. All competitors participate in the first round and those who qualify will participate in subsequent rounds.

The scrambled puzzle is kept covered until the start of the run, when the participant has 15 seconds to examine the cube before officially starting their attempt. The cubes are computer scrambled in the exact same way for every competitor so as to standardize the competition. 

After inspecting their cube, the competitor then puts it down and places both their hands on the stackmat before getting the signal to begin solving. Scoring can occur in different ways depending on the competition — some competitions take an average of multiple attempts and some take the best time. China’s Yusheng Du holds the current world record — 3.47 seconds — for solving a 3x3x3 cube. 

Over the years, the competition has greatly expanded to include 4x4x4, 5x5x5, 6x6x6, and 7x7x7 puzzles, as well as categories where contestants solve the cube while blindfolded or with one hand.

More than a cube?

The impact of the cube has been far greater than even the now 78-year-old Rubik could have imagined. He attempted to parse that legacy in his book Cubed, published in 2020. “I don’t want to write an autobiography, because I am not interested in my life or sharing my life,” Rubik told The New York Times at the time. “The key reason I did it is to try to understand what’s happened and why it has happened. What is the real nature of the cube?”

But as he wrote Cubed, “I changed my mind,” Rubik remarked. “What really interested me was not the nature of the cube, but the nature of people, the relationship between people and the cube.”