Former left-wing guerilla Gustavo Petro’s election as president of Colombia is only the latest example of a progressive wave sweeping Latin America. Here’s everything you need to know:

What happened in Colombia?

Senator Gustavo Petro won Colombia’s presidential contest on Sunday, becoming the first leftist elected to lead the South American country. Petro defeated businessman and political outsider Rodolfo Hernández, winning about 11.3 million votes to Hernández’s 10.6 million.

Petro ran on the call for free higher education, universal healthcare, and an end to new oil exploration. He has also proposed legalizing medicinal marijuana and negotiating with the ELN narco-rebel group as steps toward “peacefully dismantling drug trafficking.” Notably, the new president-elect also spent time in prison in the 1980s for his involvement with the M-19 urban guerilla group.

What is the reaction in the United States?

U.S. Secretary of State Antony Blinken said Sunday that President Biden looks forward to working with Petro. The American right was less optimistic: “The election in Colombia of a former narco-terrorist Marxist is troubling and disappointing. The spread of left-wing totalitarian ideology in the Western Hemisphere is a growing threat,” Florida Gov. Ron DeSantis (R) wrote on Twitter.

Daniel Di Martino, who came to the U.S. from Venezuela in 2016 and founded the anti-socialist Dissident Project, warned Colombians that Petro’s election had placed their country on the path to becoming a failed state. “Sell your stuff while things have value, buy tons of non-perishable food if you have to stay, maybe car tires too. Save in U.S. dollars. And leave as soon as you’re able,” he wrote on Twitter.

W. T. Whitney, writing for CounterPunch, was as exultant as Di Martino was apocalyptic. “The historical significance of this electoral victory in Colombia cannot be overstated,” Whitney wrote. “By all accounts, candidates and voters alike have taken on a new hopefulness. They can anticipate both a possible reduction in the dispossession and violence marking decades of Colombian history and amelioration of the marginalization and rampant poverty diminishing the lives of so many Colombians.”

Which other Latin American countries have leftist or left-leaning leaders?

Cuba: Miguel Díaz-Canel (since 2019; one-party state since 1959)

Venezuela: Nicolás Maduro (since 2013; dominant-party state since 1999)

Nicaragua: Daniel Ortega (since 2007)

Mexico: Andrés Manuel López Obrador (since 2018)

Argentina: Alberto Fernández (since 2019)

Bolivia: Luis Arce (since 2020)

Peru: Pedro Castillo (since 2021)

Honduras: Xiomara Castro (since Jan. 2022)

Chile: Gabriel Boric (since March 2022)

Why has there been a leftward swing in the Americas?

Mexico City-based analyst Valeria Vasquez attributes the recent leftward shift to the rise of the activist “millennial left,” increased commodity prices, and the timing of normal political cycles.

Samantha Schmidt argued in The Washington Post that it was the COVID-19 pandemic that “transformed” Latin American politics. “The pandemic hit the economies of this region harder than almost anywhere else in the world, kicking 12 million people out of the middle class in a single year. Across the continent, voters have punished those in power for failing to lift them out of their misery. And the winner has been Latin America’s left, a diverse movement of leaders that could now take a leading role in the hemisphere,” she wrote.

What about Brazil?

Brazil’s right-wing president, Jair Bolsonaro, is trailing badly in the polls ahead of October’s first-round election. A survey conducted last month showed Bolsonaro winning around 27 percent of the vote, with left-wing former President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva — known as “Lula” — at 48 percent.

Lula left office in 2010 with an approval rating of 80 percent but was barred from running in the 2018 election due to a corruption conviction. The conviction was subsequently overturned by Brazil’s supreme court.

Drawing on former U.S. President Donald Trump’s playbook, Bolsonaro has begun raising concerns about election integrity, concerns many of his allies in the military have echoed. Bolsonaro has suggested that the military should conduct an independent vote count on the day of the election. Critics warn that Bolsonaro, who has spoken positively about the military dictatorship that governed Brazil from 1964 until 1985, could be planning to attempt a military self-coup if he loses the election.

What does this mean for Latin America?

One result of the progressive wave in Latin America has been the rapid expansion of abortion rights.

Argentina’s National Congress passed a law in 2020 permitting abortion on-demand during the first 14 weeks of pregnancy. The Supreme Court of Mexico decriminalized abortion a year later, and Colombia’s Constitutional Court enacted a similar ruling in February 2022.

In Chile, which since 2017 has allowed abortion in cases of rape and when the mother’s life is at risk, voters will decide in September whether to approve a new constitution that enshrines elective abortion. Polling conducted in April showed that 46 percent of Chileans planned to vote against the proposed constitution, while 40 percent planned to vote for it.

Lula said in April that abortion should be “a question of public health (and) to which everyone has the right.” Even if Brazil does not expand abortion rights legislatively, Omar G. Encarnación points out in The Nation that Brazil’s Federal Supreme Court has the right to “intervene whenever it deems that the rights of a vulnerable minority are at risk.” Because the court previously used this power to criminalize anti-LGBT discrimination, “it is not inconceivable that at some point in the future the court will also legalize abortion,” Encarnación writes.